Devices and methods for reshaping cartilage structures

ABSTRACT

Described are methods of reshaping a cartilage structure. One such method comprises creating a virtual three dimensional image of the cartilage structure; manipulating the virtual three dimensional image of the cartilage structure so as to obtain a virtual three dimensional image of a desired final shape of the cartilage structure; creating a virtual prototype of a device to hold the cartilage structure in the desired final shape of the cartilage structure; manufacturing the device; lasing the cartilage structure; and fitting the manufactured device to the cartilage structure (e.g., ear).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/498,573, filed May 3, 2012, U.S. Pat. No. 8,715,347, which is anational phase entry under 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCT International PatentApplication PCT/US2011/000688, filed Apr. 15, 2011, which claims thebenefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/325,306 filed Apr. 17, 2010, the contents of the entirety of each ofwhich are incorporated herein by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosure relates to devices and methods for reshaping cartilagestructures, such as a human or mammalian ear.

BACKGROUND

Ear deformations affect 5% of the Caucasian and Latino population or12.1 million people (5% of 242.3 million). Each year, 4.26 millionchildren are born of white or Latino parents (2.3 million whites and 1million Hispanics). Of these, approximately 165,000 are born withdeformed ears.

However, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS),only 29,434 cosmetic ear surgery procedures were performed last year inthe US and these were primarily performed on children, leaving the vastmajority of the population untreated (it is interesting to note thatotoplasty is the only cosmetic procedure performed on children,testifying to the damaging psychological issues stemming from thiscondition).

The average child has 85% ear development by 3 years of age and ears aretypically fully grown by the age of 7 years (the height continues togrow into adulthood, but the width and distance from ear to scalpchanges little). This fact in part explains why this procedure ispopular with children as procedures performed from this age onwards willyield permanent results.

All ears also have surprisingly similar features in terms of size,protrusion from the scalp and angle from the cranium. The following is alist of considered standard sizes: Fully grown ears protrude from thescalp about 1.8-2.0 cm at midpoint. Ear length is typically 5.5-6.5 cm.Ear width is typically 3.0-4.5 cm. The ratio between width and length isabout 50% to 60%. Helical Rim (Helix) 7 mm or about 10% of the height.Ear vertical axis 15 to 30 degrees posterior (with the top further backthan the bottom).

Features constituting what is considered “normal” ear features are:

Scapha angle greater than 90 degrees. Conchal bowl height less than 1.5cm. Angle head to ear: female less than 21 degrees; male less than 25degrees.

Ear deformations typically fall into two broad categories:

Cartilage deformations: these include: Prominent (or “bat”) ears whichtypically is a problem either of an oversized concha, or too wide anantihelical fold angle or a combination of the two. Helicaldeformations: Constricted ear—hooding or folding of the helical rim;“Lop” ear—the top of the ear is folded down and forward; “Cup”ear—malformed protruding ear with the top folded down and a largeconcha; Shell ear—curve of the outer rim as well as the folds andcreases are missing; and Stahl's ear (“Spock's ear”). There is an extrafold and pointed top.

Non-cartilage related deformations. These include: Lobe deformations,Macrotia (oversized ears), and Microtia (undersized ears).

Surgical Ear Correction: Otoplasty

The first otoplastic technique to correct protruding ears is attributedto Ely in 1881. Since that report, over 180 surgical techniques havebeen described in the literature for the correction of protruding ears.These techniques can be subdivided into 3 sub-groups:

“Suture only” technique: First described by Furnas in 1968 (and stillused to this day), this technique is used primarily to set back the earsand involves retracting the skin behind the ear and place 2-3non-resorbable sutures to retract the position of the ear. The Mustardemethod is today the most common.

Cartilage splitting or weakening technique or “Davis” method: Excisionof skin and cartilage to correct conchal hypertrophy.

Combination of the above two or “converse Wood-Smith” technique: uses acartilage cutting and suture method to correct and create ananti-helical fold.

All these surgical techniques tend to be performed on an outpatientbasis under sedation, although when dealing with children it isadvisable to perform it under general anesthesia. The procedure isgenerally performed primarily by Facial Plastic Surgeons and, to alesser extent by Dermatologists, ENT and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Ittypically takes 2-3 hours to perform and is not without risks.

Complications from Corrective Ear Surgery:

Major complications can be divided into two categories: Immediatecomplications: hematoma and infection which may result in necrosis; andLong-term complications include hypertrophic (keloid) scars, loss ofsensitivity (resulting from damage to nerve endings), skin and cartilagenecrosis as well as unaesthetic results or recurrence of the eardeformity. It is important to realize that these complications areresponsible for the high (10%) rate of repeat surgeries.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Embodiments include a device for reshaping cartilage structures, thedevice comprising a first portion (also referred to herein as a trellisor ear trellis) fitting over the helix of the outer ear, and a secondportion (also referred to herein as a “projection”) having a proximalend and a distal end, the proximal end of the second potion projectingfrom and attached to the first portion; wherein. when the device isfitted to an ear, the second portion extends from the first portion,across the anti-helix and the distal end of the second portion fits intothe scapha under the helix at about the lower crura of the anti-helixand/or the fossa trangularis.

In certain embodiments, the device (trellis) is designed so as to fitbetween the head and the rear surface of the ear. Certain embodiments ofthe device comprise a first surface configured to fit against and beattached to the head behind the ear, a second surface configured to fitagainst and be attached to the rear surface of the ear so as to hold theear in a desired position, and connecting structure configured so as tohold the first surface and the second surface in position relative toone another.

Disclosed is a method of reshaping a cartilage structure, the methodcomprising: creating a virtual three dimensional image of the cartilagestructure; manipulating the virtual three dimensional image of thecartilage structure so as to obtain a virtual three dimensional image ofa desired final shape of the cartilage structure; creating a virtualprototype of a device to hold the cartilage structure in the desiredfinal shape of the cartilage structure; manufacturing the device; lasingthe cartilage structure; and fitting the manufactured device to thecartilage structure. In certain embodiments, fitting the manufactureddevice to the cartilage structure includes attaching the manufactureddevice to the cartilage structure and also may include attaching thedevice to a non-cartilage structure (e.g., the head).

Disclosed is a method of shaping or reshaping a cartilage structure, themethod comprising: creating a virtual three dimensional image of thelocation or cavity to contain the cartilage structure; manipulating thevirtual three dimensional image of the location or cavity to contain thecartilage structure so as to obtain a virtual three dimensional image ofa desired final shape of the cartilage structure; creating a virtualprototype of a device with an inner surface conforming to the desiredfinal shape of the cartilage structure; manufacturing the device; lasingthe cartilage structure; placing the cartilage in the device and placingthe device in culture medium; growing the cartilage to conform to theinner surface of the device; and placing the grown cartilage into thelocation or cavity.

Also disclosed is a method of shaping a subject's ear comprisinganalyzing the ear and determining what the desired shape of the ear is,manufacturing an encasing structure or trellis that includes an innerportion or cavity that is of the desired shape, lasing the ear, encasingat least a portion of the lased ear within the encasing structure sothat the lased ear is formed into the desired shape, and allowing theear thus to form. Structures capable of encasing the ear are known inthe art. See, e.g. U.S. Pat. App. Pub. 2009/0030358, the entirety of thecontents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The methods and means described herein are much more effective, ofbroader applicability (e.g., can be applied to subjects such as a humanor mammal), less painful, and less expensive than the prior artmethodology.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a depiction of the structures of the outer ear.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart of one embodiment of a method described herein.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of one embodiment of a method described herein.

FIG. 4 is a depiction of one embodiment of a device described herein.

FIG. 5 is a depiction of a further embodiment of a device describedherein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain embodiments include a device (a trellis) for reshaping cartilagestructures. With reference to FIG. 4, of the depicted device comprisesan ear trellis (1), fitting over the helix of the outer ear, and aprojection (2), originating and attached to the ear trellis (1) at itsproximal end (3), and extending across the anti-helix and the distal end(4) fitting into the scapha under the helix at about the lower crura ofthe anti-helix and/or the fossa trangularis. The projection (2) and eartrellis (1) may be formed as a single piece or as multiple pieces.

In certain embodiments, the projection (2) may be of a length or have abias such that when fitted into an ear, the projection (2) exertspressure on its distal end (4) and proximal end (3) so as to force theear trellis away from the distal end (4) and towards the mastoid. Incertain embodiments, the length or the bias of the projection (2) isadjustable such that greater or lesser pressure is exerted by the distalend (4) on the ear and/or by the proximal end (3) on the ear trellis. Incertain embodiments, the projection (2) is formed of any suitablematerial including plastic or metal. In particular embodiments, theprojection (2) if formed from a material that is capable of being biasedto return to a particular shape such that when the projection (2) isdeflected from its biased shape, it exerts pressure to return to itsundeflected shape.

In certain embodiments, the length of the projection (2) is adjustable.For example the projection (2) may be constructed of one or more piecesthat may lock together in one or more configurations to providedifferent lengths of the overall projection (2). By way of non-limitingexample, a first portion (1) of the projection (2) may have one or moreholes or depressions and a second portion of the projection (2) may haveone or more pins or studs such that the two portions may be fit togetherto form projections of various lengths. In another non-limiting example,the length of the projection (2) may be adjustable in where along thelength of the projection (2) it attaches to the ear trellis, thusproviding various lengths of projection (2) that extend from the eartrellis to the distal end (4).

In further embodiments, the attachment of the proximal end (3) of theprojection (2) to the ear trellis is adjustable such that the proximalend (3) may be attached to the ear trellis at different and/or multiplelocations. By way of non-limiting example, the ear trellis may havemultiple attachment points for the projection (2) along its length suchthat the point of attachment of the projection (2) to the ear trellis isadjustable along the length of the helix to which the ear trellis may beattached.

In certain embodiments, the distal end (4) of the projection (2) ismolded for comfortable fit in the scapha or may be covered with anothermaterial so as to provide additional comfort to the user.

In certain embodiments, the ear trellis (1) may attach to all or part ofthe helix. In a particular embodiment, the ear trellis fits around thehelix with at least a portion of the ear trellis extending into thescapha. In certain embodiments, the ear trellis grips the helix suchthat when pressure is applied to the ear trellis from the proximal end(3) of the projection (2), it remains attached to the helix and forcesthe helix toward the mastoid. In certain embodiments, the ear trellis(1) may be configured to be attached and/or may be attached to themastoid or the skin covering the mastoid.

In certain embodiments, the ear trellis may extend further behind or infront of the ear so as to contact and place pressure upon structuresother than the helix and/or the scapha. By way of non-liming example,the ear trellis might extend to and place pressure upon one or more ofthe helix, scapha, fossa triagularis, either of the crura of theantihelix, scaphoid fossa, crus of the helix, tragus, antitragus, cybmaconchae, and cavum conchae. In certain examples, the ear trellis mayplace pressure on any one or more of the aforementioned structures so asto hold it in a desired position.

In particular embodiments, the trellis to be applied (which need not beaffixed to the subject's head) flattens a hyper-curved ear bysandwiching the misshapen ear between a first member and a second memberthat extend along both the inside and outside of the upper portion ofthe ear or encase the entire upper portion of the ear so that, afterlaser application, the ear may be formed to more approximate a desiredshape. The first and second members, e.g., in the case when the trellisencases the upper portion of the ear (not shown), may be integrallyformed, or may alternatively be two distinct flat, longitudinal membersaffixed to one another, via, e.g., a hinge, clip, or springed hinge,that act to flatten the ear between the flat longitudinal members orprojections. In such a case, the device depicted in FIG. 4 has a secondprojection (not shown) running generally parallel to the projection, butextending behind the ear to sandwich the ear. Once sized and placed onthe subject's ear, the two generally parallel projections act to flattenthe upper portion of the ear extending between them thus flattening thehyper-curved portion after laser treatment.

In certain embodiments, the device (trellis) is designed so as to fitbetween the head and the rear surface of the ear. With reference to FIG.5, certain embodiments of the device comprise a first surface (5)configured to fit against and be attached to the head behind the ear, asecond surface (6) configured to fit against and be attached to the rearsurface of the ear so as to hold the ear in a desired position, andconnecting structure (7) configured so as to be attached the firstsurface (5) and the second surface (6) so as to the hold the firstsurface (5) and the second surface (6) in position relative to oneanother. In certain embodiments, the first surface (5), second surface(6), and connecting structure (7) may be formed as a single piece ormultiple pieces.

In certain embodiments, the first surface (5) may be molded, sculpted,or manufactured so as to fit comfortably against the skin on the headbehind the ear. In certain embodiments, the second surface (6) ismolded, sculpted, or manufactured so as to provide a surface conformingto a final desired position and shape of the ear. In embodiments, thefirst surface (5) and the second surface (6) may be fixed in placerelative to one another by connecting structure (7) such that when firstsurface (5) is attached to the skull, or the skin over the skull (e.g.,the head behind the ear), and second surface (6) is attached to the rearof the ear, the ear is held in a desired position and/or configuration.

In certain embodiments, the first surface (5) and the second surface (6)may be attached to the skin, skull, or ear in any permanent,semi-permanent, or non-permanent way as desired. Examples of articles oritems useful in attaching the device include, but are not limited to,screws, clips, wires, staples, nails, brads, adhesives, tapes, sutures,cements, and glues.

In further embodiments, the attachment of the first surface (5) and thesecond surface (6) to the connecting structure (7) may be adjustablesuch that first surface (5) and the second surface (6) may be attachedto the connecting structure (7) at different and/or multiple locationsor configurations. By way of non-limiting example, the connectingstructure (7) may have multiple attachment points for first surface (5)and the second surface (6) along its length such that the point ofattachment of the first surface (5) and the second surface (6) to theconnecting structure (7) is adjustable.

In certain embodiments, the second surface (6) may attach to all or partof the rear surface of the ear. In a particular embodiment, the secondsurface (6) fits around the helix with at least a portion of the secondsurface (6) extending into the scapha. In certain embodiments, thesecond surface (6) grips the helix such that when the first surface (5)is attached to the skull, or the skin over the skull, behind the ear,the second surface (6) forces the helix toward the mastoid.

In certain embodiments, the second surface (6) may extend further behindor in front of the ear so as to contact and place pressure uponstructures other then the helix and/or the scapha when the first surface(5) is attached to the skull, or the skin over the skull, behind theear. By way of non-liming example, the second surface (6) might extendto and place pressure upon one or more of the helix, scapha, fossatriagularis, either of the crura of the antihelix, scaphoid fossa, crusof the helix, tragus, antitragus, cybma conchae, and cavum conchae. Inexamples, the second surface (6) may place pressure on any one or moreof the aforementioned structures so as to hold it in a desired position.

Certain embodiments of the trellis structures may fit in and/or aroundthe nose. In certain embodiments, a trellis includes one or moreportions that extend into one or more of the nasal cavities. In certainembodiments, a trellis may also contain one or more portions that extendover the one more of the outer surfaces of the nose or the face. Incertain embodiments, potions of the trellis that extend into the nasalcavities may be tubular or hollow in nature so as to allow the passageof air through the trellis and into the upper nasal cavities.

Certain embodiments of the disclosure include trellis structures thatclose completely or partially around the cartilage structure. Forexample, the cartilage structure may comprise a whole, or portion of aspinal disc or meniscus of the knee for which the trellis wouldcompletely or partially enclose. In certain embodiments, the trellis mayhave holes in it or be made of a porous material to allow the passage ofliquids and/or small molecules through the surface of the trellis.

In certain embodiments, a trellis is constructed of any rigid orsemi-rigid material such as metal or plastic. In certain embodiments,the trellis is constructed of one or more pieces such as a back piece(to cover, for example, a portion of the rear surface of the ear or theinterior portion of the nasal cavity) and a front piece (to cover, forexample, a portion of the front surface of the ear and/or fit in to thescapha or an exterior potion of the nose). The first and second piecesmay be joined in any suitable manner such as permanently joining (forexample fusing or welding) or non-permanently joining (for example heldto together by one or more of pins, clips, hinges, locking mechanisms,etc.). In certain embodiments, the trellis is designed so as to beeasily removable from the underlying cartilage structure.

Certain embodiments of the disclosure include methods of forming orreforming cartilage structures in a subject using the devices describedherein. The forming or reforming of cartilage structures may take placethrough the process of chondrogensesis. In certain embodiments, thecartilage structures may be any cartilage containing portion of asubject including, but not limited to, the joints between bones, the ribcage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, the ankle, the bronchialtubes, the intervertebral discs, and nasal septum. One example of such amethod comprises treating a cartilage structure with a laser so as tostimulate chonrdogenesis as described by Leclere et al. (Aesth. Plast.Surg. 2010 April; 34(2):141-6); Mordon et al. (Lasers Surg. Med. 200434:315-322) and Mordon et al. (Lasers Surg. Med. 2006 August;38(7):659-62) the contents of the entirety of each of which areincorporated herein by reference.

In certain embodiments, the laser used to treat the cartilage structuremay be a mid IR laser. In further embodiments, the laser may emitradiation at a wavelength of about 1540 nm. In certain embodiments, thelaser may be 1540 nm Er:YAG laser such as that available from QuantelDerma GmbH, Erlangen Germany. In additional embodiments, the tip of thelaser may incorporate an integrated cooling device such that, when inuse, the cooled tip of the device imparts a cooling effect on any tissueor cartilage structure being irradiated by the laser. One non-limitingexample of such a cooling tip is the Koolburst, available from QuantelDerma GmbH, Erlangen Germany utilizing the manufacturer's instructions.

In certain embodiments, lasing of the cartilage structure may deliverabout 84 J/cm² cumulative fluence. In certain embodiments, thecumulative fluence may be delivered in a single pulse or by the stackingof several pulses. By way of a non-limiting example, 84 J/cm² cumulativefluence may be achieved by delivering seven stacked pulses of 12 J/cm².

In certain embodiments, lasing of the cartilage structure may compriselasing of one or more of the surfaces of the cartilage structure. By wayof non-limiting examples, lasing of the ear may comprise lasing of bothsides of the ear at the location to be stimulated, for example bothsides of the entire helix and concha of the ear; lasing of the nasalseptum may comprise lasing both surfaces of the septum; and lasing aspinal disc or meniscus of the knee may comprise lasing all or some ofthe surfaces of these structures. In further embodiments, locations of acartilage structure to be lased may include the entire structure or maybe limited to particular portions of a cartilage structure in order toachieve a desired localization of chonrdogenesis.

In certain embodiments, the above described trellis or similar devicesis placed on the cartilage structure and left in place until thecartilage structure is effectively reshaped by the trellis or similardevice. In certain embodiments, the trellis or similar device is left inplace for a period of 3 to 6 weeks. In particular embodiments, thetrellis is worn continuously for the first 3 weeks and then only atnight for an additional 3 weeks.

In certain embodiments, the trellis is specifically designed to hold thecartilage structure in a desired shape or grow the structure into adesired shape. In certain embodiments, the cartilage structure to betreated and/or lased is scanned or imaged in three dimensions so as tocreate a virtual or electronic version of the cartilage structure.Devices for creating three dimensional virtual images of objects areknown in the art and include, but are not limited to MRI, PET, CT, and3D scanners (hand held or otherwise) such as, but not limited to thehand held Handyscan™ 3D scanners available from Creafrom, Quebec City,Quebec, Canada utilizing the manufacturer's instructions. In certainembodiments, a three dimensional image of the cartilage structure to beshaped is manipulated using various commercially available softwareprograms so such the final desired form of the cartilage structure isrendered. One example of such software includes, but is not limited to,Mimics Z software available from Z Corp, Burlington, Mass.

In certain embodiments, the cavity or locale which wholly or partiallycontains the cartilage structure is scanned so as to create a threedimensional virtual model of the location into which the cartilagestructure is desired to fit and/or function. Once a virtual model of thecavity or locale is rendered, the shape of the virtual cavity or localemay be manipulated using various commercially available softwareprograms so that the final desired form of the cartilage structure isrendered.

Once the final desired form of the cartilage structure is rendered, avirtual prototype trellis according to the disclosure is designed to fitand hold the cartilage structure in a desired position or dimension. Anactual device from the virtual prototype trellis may then bemanufactured using techniques available in the art. In one non-limitingexample, the trellis may be manufactured from the virtual prototypetrellis using a 3D printer such as the ones available from Z Corp,Burlington, Mass. utilizing the manufacturer's instructions.

In one embodiment, as depicted in the flow chart presented in FIG. 2, asubject may visit a provider to have the cartilage structure, or acavity or locale containing a cartilage structure, scanned. A copy ofthe scan may then be sent to a manufacturer. The sending of the scan maybe done in any practical way such as, but not limited to, physically orthrough electronic means such a memory device or the internet. Eitherthe provider or the manufacturer may manipulate the virtual imagecreated by the scan to produce a virtual image of the final desired formof the cartilage structure. The manufacturer may then create a virtualprototype trellis designed to hold the cartilage structure in thedesired position or define the final shape of the cartilage structure.The manufacturer may then manufacture the trellis and provide thecompleted trellis to the provider. The provider or some other entity maylease the cartilage structure as herein described and then the cartilagestructure may then be fitted with the trellis. The trellis may then beworn by the subject until the cartilage structure assumes the desiredfinal form.

In certain embodiments, a trellis may be created to define the finalshape for a cartilage structure to be inserted into a particular cavityor locale within a subject. As depicted in the flow chart presented inFIG. 3, a three dimensional virtual image of the cavity or locale may becreated as described herein. A three dimensional virtual image of thecartilage structure to be placed in the cavity or locale may then bedesigned and manufactured to help define the outer limits of thecartilage structure. Cartilage from a subject or a donor may then beobtained and placed into culture within the manufactured trellis. Thecartilage in culture may be lased as described herein and/or exposed tovarious factors known to effect the growth and maturation of cartilagesuch as, but not limited to, IGF-I, TGF-beta1, BMP-7, PDGF-AB; andFGF-2. Once the cartilage has assumed the desired shape, it may beremoved from culture and placed into the cavity or locale in thesubject.

The application includes the following example, which is offered by wayof illustration and not intended to limit the invention in any manner.

Example 1 Laser-Assisted Cartilage Reshaping for Treating EarProtrusions

Materials and Methods

Twenty-four patients were treated by LACR. All patients were informed ofthe purpose and possible outcomes of the study, signed forms of consentfor the study, and agreed to clinical photography. There were 14 adultsand 10 children. The patients' mean age was 16.0 years (range=6-45years). Pain was assessed by the patients using a 4-point scale: none,slight, moderate, or severe.

For 21 patients, the 1.54-ImEr:YAG laser (Aramis, Quantel Derma GmbH,Erlangen, Germany) was set at 12 J/cm2 per pulse. The treatmentconsisted of seven stacked pulses (3 ms, 2 Hz, 84 J/cm2 cumulativefluence) applied using a 4-mm spot hand piece with integrated cooling(Koolburst, Quantel Derma GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) on both sides of theentire helix and concha. For the remaining three adults, the laser wasset at a lower fluence of 10 J/cm2 per pulse for a total cumulativefluence of 70 J/cm2. The entire helix and concha were irradiated on bothsides. Contact cooling made the treatment very tolerable, to the extentthat topical anesthesia was not required (although local anestheticcertainly could have been used).

Twenty-four patients underwent LACR of both ears using our 1.54-lmlaser. Immediately after irradiation, a silicone elastomer (Hydro-C,Detax, Ettlingen, Germany) was inserted inside the helix to give it thedesired shape. Three minutes later the elastomer hardened and a solidmold was obtained. The entire procedure took no more than 15-20 min perear. Patients were asked to wear this mold at all times for the first 3weeks and then only at night for an additional 3 weeks. A non-steroidalanti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was prescribed to all patients for 3days. Ears were checked at days 1, 30, 60, and 90 and photographs weretaken. Clinical follow-up at 1 year was obtained via direct patientcontact (n=22) or over the telephone (n=2).

Results

Postoperative follow-up was uneventful for all ears, except for six onwhich minor contact dermatitis developed probably because ofinappropriate mold design. This did not require additional therapy andthose patients (4 children and 2 adults) stopped wearing the moldleading to incomplete shape correction. There were no cases of infectionhematomas or skin necrosis. For the remaining 18 patients (6 childrenand 9 adults) the expected ear reshaping was achieved (fluence=84 J/cm2)Table 1; in 3 adults, partial or incomplete reshaping was observed andcorrelated to a lower fluence (70 J/cm2). Those patients were retreatedat months at 84-J/cm2 fluence and all achieved suitable reshaping (Table2). Again, no postoperative discomfort was reported.

TABLE 1 Our series of 48 reshaped ears using the 1540-nm laser on 24patients Age Fluence Follow-up N (years) Sex (J/cm²) Mold Reshaping Pain(months) 1 6 M 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 2 6 M 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 3 7W 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 4 7 W 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 5 6 W 84/84 A/AE/E N/N St/St 6 8 W 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 7 19 W 84/84 A/A E/E N/NSt/St 8 24 W 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 9 22 W 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 1020 W 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 11 16 W 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 12 18 M84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 13 22 M 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 14 22 W 84/84A/A E/E N/N St/St 15 45 W 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 16 24 W 84/84 I/I I/IN/N MR/MR 17 22 W 84/84 I/I I/I N/N MR/MR 18 8 W 84/84 I/I I/I N/N MR/MR19 6 W 84/84 I/I I/I N/N MR/MR 20 6 W 84/84 I/I I/I N/N MR/MR 21 8 M84/84 I/I I/I N/N MR/MR 22 22 M 70/70 A/A I/I N/N SeR/SeR 23 18 W 70/70A/A I/I N/N SeR/SeR 24 22 W 70/70 A/A I/I N/N SeR/SeR M man, W woman,R/L right/left, A appropriate, I inappropriate, E expected, Iincomplete, N none, S slight, M moderate, Se severe, St stable, SRslight recurrence, MR moderate recurrence, SeR severe recurrence

TABLE 2 Three patients underwent a second course of reshaping with a newfluence Age Fluence Follow-up N (years) Sex (J/cm²) Mold Reshaping Pain(months) 22 22 M 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St 23 18 W 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St24 22 W 84/84 A/A E/E N/N St/St M male, W woman, A appropriate, Eexpected, N none, St stable

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of shaping a subject's ear to a desiredshape and/or position, the method comprising: analyzing the subject'sear to determine what the ear's desired shape and/or position is,providing an ear trellis that comprises an encasing structure for theear that includes an inner portion that corresponds to a portion of theear's desired shape, lasing the ear so as to stimulate chondrogenesis inthe ear, encasing at least a portion of the lased ear within theencasing structure so that the lased ear is able to form into thedesired shape and/or position, and maintaining the ear within theencasing structure thus to form the lased ear into the desired shapeand/or position.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein theencasing structure is maintained on the subject's ear for a period of atleast three weeks.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the eartrellis comprises: a first portion fitting over the helix of thesubject's outer ear, and a second portion having a proximal end and adistal end, the proximal end projecting from and attached to the firstportion; wherein, when the device is associated with the subject's ear,the second portion extends from the first portion, across the ear'santi-helix, and the distal end of the second portion fits into the ear'sscapha under the helix at about the lower crura of the anti-helix and/orthe fossa trangularis; and wherein the first portion comprises a firstsurface configured to fit against and be attached to the skull, or theskin over the skull, behind the ear.
 4. The method according to claim 3,wherein the second portion is of a length or has a bias such that whenassociated with the subject's ear, the second portion exerts pressure onits distal and proximal ends so as to force the first portion and thehelix away from the distal end and towards the mastoid.
 5. The methodaccording to claim 3, wherein the first portion has a single potentialattachment point for the second portion.
 6. The method according toclaim 3, wherein the first portion further comprises a projection thatextends around the ear's helix and fits into the scapha.
 7. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein the ear trellis comprises: a first surfaceconfigured to fit against and be adhered to the subject's head behindthe ear, and, upon fitting of the device onto the subject, hold the earin a relative position with respect to the head; and a second surfaceconfigured to fit against and be attached to the rear surface of theear, wherein the second surface provides a shaping surface conforming tothe ear's desired final shape.
 8. The method according to claim 1,wherein: the encasing step comprises affixing a first portion of the eartrellis to the subject's head.
 9. The method according to claim 8,wherein: the ear trellis is installed to dispose a portion of thetrellis at a position between the rear surface of the ear and the skull.10. The method according to claim 8, wherein: the affixing step isaccomplished by way of an adhesive bond between the subject's skin andthe first portion.
 11. The method according to claim 8, furthercomprising: positioning a projection of the ear trellis to extend acrossthe helix and contact the front surface of the ear, the projection thenhaving a bias effective to urge the ear toward a desired shape and/orposition.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein: a distal end ofthe projection is positioned in the ear's scapha under the helix atabout the lower crura of the anti-helix and/or the fossa trangularis.13. The method according to claim 9, further comprising: attaching asecond portion of the ear trellis to the rear surface of the eareffective to urge the ear toward a desired shape and/or position. 14.The method according to claim 13, wherein: attaching the second portionof the ear trellis to the rear surface of the ear causes the trellis toapply tension to a portion of the rear surface of the ear effective tourge the ear toward a desired shape and/or position.
 15. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein: the encasing step comprises disposing theear trellis to sandwich the ear such that a first portion of the eartrellis is in contact with a portion of the rear surface of the ear anda second portion of the ear trellis is in contact with a portion of thefront surface of the ear.